'Research paper about Marijuana Essay\r'

'Marijuana\r\n ganja or marihuana, medicine leted from the flowering tops, stems, and leaves of the marihuana plant, Cannabis sativa (see hemp) or C. indica; the latter species green goddess withstand colder climates. It is sensation of the near ordinarily exercised medicates in the world, following provided caffeine, nicotine, and alcoholic beverages in popularity. In the unify States, where it is usually smoked, it also has been called pile, grass, pot, or reefer.\r\nThe determine\r\nC. sativa grows as a common weed in umteen parts of the world, and drug preparations vary astray in confidence according to climate, cultivation, and method of preparation. Mexico, Paraguay, and the United States argon the top hemp-producing nations worldwide. C. indica is a shorter, hardier variety with round blue-green leaves, braggart(a) in Afghanistan for hashish. most(prenominal) marihuanas grown in the United States since the after-hours 1980s argon hybrids of the two and giv e in a much more manful product than the marihuana of the past. The resin base on flower clusters and top leaves of the womanish plant is the most potent drug semen and is exp final staged to prepare hashish, the highest target of standnabis. The bud of the female plant, called sinsemilla, is the part most often smoked as hemp.\r\nThe drug\r\nThe ca affair of marijuana vary with its specialness and dosage and with the state of mind of the user. Typically, diminished doses result in a olf enactmentory sensation of well-being. The intoxication lasts two to three hours, plainly accompanying effects on ride control last much longer. elevated doses can cause tachycardia, paranoia, and delusions. Although it produces around of the comparable effects as hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline (heightened sensitivity to colors, shapes, music, and other(a) stimuli and spin of the sense of time), marijuana differs chemically and pharmacologically.\r\ nThe chief(a) supple component of marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol), although other cannabinol derivatives are also thought to be intoxicating. In 1988 scientists discovered receptors that bind tetrahydrocannabinol on the membranes of nerve cells. They reasoned that the eubstance must make its own THC-like substance. The substance, named anandamide, was unaffectionate from pig brains in 1992 by an American pharmacologist, William A. Devane.\r\nMarijuana lowers testosterone levels and sperm counts in manpower and raises testosterone levels in women. In pregnant women it affects the foetus and results in developmental difficulties in the child. in that respect is evidence that marijuana affects normal ripening of preadolescent and adolescent users and that it affects short-term reminiscence and comprehension. Heavy smokers often sustain lung ill-use from the smoke and contaminants. Regular use can result in dependence.\r\nThe Legalization foref ront\r\nWith the increase in the physical body of bourgeois users in the 1960s and 1970s, there came a slightlywhat greater acceptance of the hatful that marijuana should non be considered in the same class as narcotics and that U.S. marijuana virtues should be relaxed. The Drug Abuse bar Act of 1970 eased national penalties somewhat, and 11 states decriminalized possession. However, in the late 1980s many states rewrote their drug laws and imposed stricter penalties. low gear in 1996, however, a series of states began enacting health check checkup marijuana laws (two fifths of the states now oblige one), and in 2012 voters in the states of Colorado and Washington approved the legitimation of marijuana. Opponents of easing marijuana laws have asseverate that it is an alcoholic less controllable than alcohol, that our drug-using social club does not need other widely utilise intoxicant, and that the United States should not act to weaken UN policies, which are oppo se to the use of marijuana for other than possible aesculapian purposes. In 2013, Uruguay became the first nation to decriminalise the growing, selling, and use of marijuana, a move it undertook in part in an attempt to de-escalate drug cartels. Uruguay’s legalization, which was a source of controversy in the country, also was critized by international authorities for contravening treaties to which Uruguay was a party.\r\nmedical mathematical functions\r\nControversy surrounds the medical use of marijuana, with proponents dictum it is useful for treating pain and the nausea and vomit that are side effects of crabmeat chemotherapy and for restoring the appetite in people with AIDS. Its active ingredient, THC, was synthesized in 1966 and approved by the U.S. forage and Drug Administration in 1985; man-made THC is available by prescription drug in pill form as dronabinol (Marinol) and nabilone (Cesamet). Proponents of medical marijuana say it is not as effective as the herbaceous plant and is more expensive. In addition to THC, another cannibis derivative (or cannabinoid), cannabidiol (CDB), is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and also moderates THC’s psychoactive effects.\r\nA 1999 U.S.-government-sponsored force field by the Institute of Medicine undercoat that marijuana appeared beneficial for certain medical conditions, such(prenominal) as nausea caused by chemotherapy and wasting caused by AIDS. Because of the toxicity of marijuana smoke, however, it was hoped that further research might corpus to development of new delivery systems, such as bronchial inhalers. A number of studies since 1999 have shown that smoked marijuana has pain-reducing effects when compared with marijuana stripped of its cannabinoids.\r\nThe Office of subject Drug Control Policy has opposed legalization of the medical use of marijuana, citing law enforcement issues and the possibility that some would use it as a pretext to sell marijuana for nonmedical us e, and the FDA said in 2006 that, despite the 1999 report, that marijuana â€Å"has no veritable or proven use in the United States.” Proponents, ignore the law, have set up networks for the dissemination of the drug to people who they judge bequeath be helped by it and continue to hall for its legalization for medical use. In 1996 calcium enacted the first state law permitting the use of marijuana for medical reasons, and about one third of the states now have some sort of medical marijuana legislation. As a result of a autonomous Court ruling in 2005, however, these laws do not protect medical users with a prescription from federal prosecution. In 2009 attorney General Eric Holder ordered that federal prosecutors not focus on persons who cl earlyish comply with state medical marijuana laws, but federal law enforcement officials have moved to close many supposed marijuana dispensaries despite compliance, arguing in part that many prescriptions for marijuana are not justified medically. Another, lower judgeship ruling permits doctors to discuss medical use of marijuana with their patients but forbids them to help patients obtain the drug. A number of countries, including Canada, permit the medicative use of the drug.\r\nHistory of Marijuana Use\r\nMarijuana has been used as an cistron for achieving euphoria since ancient times; it was describe in a Chinese medical compendium traditionally considered to date from 2737 BC It also has a long recital of use as a healthful herb. Its use spread from China to India and then to N Africa and reached Europe at least as early as AD 500. A major bring down in colonial North America, marijuana (hemp) was grown as a source of fiber. It was extensively cultivated during World War II, when Asian sources of hemp were cut off.\r\nMarijuana was listed in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1850 until 1942 and was prescribed for respective(a) conditions including labor pains, nausea, and rheumatism. Its us e as an intoxicant was also commonplace from the 1850s to the 1930s. A stir conducted in the 1930s by the U.S. national Bureau of Narcotics (now the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs) want to portray marijuana as a powerful, addicting substance that would lead users into narcotics addiction. It is still considered a â€Å"gateway” drug by some authorities. In the 1950s it was an accessory of the throw together generation; in the 1960s it was used by college students and â€Å"hippies” and became a sign of rebellion against authority.\r\nThe Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified marijuana along with heroin and LSD as a Schedule I drug, i.e., having the relatively highest abuse potential and no accepted medical use. Most marijuana at that time came from Mexico, but in 1975 the Mexican government agreed to eradicate the crop by spraying it with the herbicide paraquat, acme fears of toxic side effects. Colombia then became the main supplier. The  "zero tolerance” climate of the Reagan and bush administrations (1981â€93) resulted in passage of strict laws and obligatory sentences for possession of marijuana and in heightened perplexity against smuggling at the southern borders. The â€Å" state of war on drugs” thus brought with it a falling out from reliance on imported supplies to national cultivation (particularly in Hawaii and California). Beginning in 1982 the Drug Enforcement Administration off increased attention to marijuana farms in the United States, and there was a careen to the indoor growing of plants specially developed for small size and high yield. afterwards over a decade of decrease use, marijuana smoking began an upward style once more in the early 1990s, especially among teenagers, but by the end of the decade this upswing had leveled off well under former peaks of use.\r\n'