4 Paragraphs Essay Example for Free

4 Paragraphs Essay-My room is in a mess because I had a party with my best friends last night. I have to clean my room before my mom arrives from work. The underwear is hanging on the lamp, my books are all(prenominal) jammed in the closet, the scarf is beneath the TV and my shoe is under the bed.-We have the best cafeteria, they offer different type of foods, the food menu is so big it consists of Arabian, Indian, American, Mexican and Chinese food. They have a special Indian dish called Chicken Tekka Masala its a dish of roasted chicken chunks in a spicy sauce. Breakfast Burritos is a special Mexican food that contains Eggs, bacon, salsa, sour cream and cheddar cheese wrapped in a flour tortilla, white sauce is optional. My favorite dish in the cafeteria menu is Shawarma, its an Arabian food made with chicken and bread.See more Distinguish between problem-focused move and emotion-focused coping Essay-David is a dangerous driver, I hate the way he drives the car, he either drive in like manner slow or too fast. One day we were in the Himalayan mountains, he was behind the steering driving uphill, he was driving so fast we almost fell of the cliff. The way he brakes the car is so scary, it reminds me of how my grandmother drives.Neighbors are so important if they are willing to help you in time of need. My favorite dwell is Mrs. Shirley , I remember the day when the government cut off our water, she was the first one there to help us, she even offered us to stay at her place. She is so generous and I like the way she hosts me.

Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay Example for Free

account Practices and Ethics EssayThe four elements of pecuniary management are planning, controlling, organizing and directing, and decision making. These four elements bequeath be be and explained in this paper. Also emphasized go forth be the accepted accounting principles and the general financial ethical standards. Examples of ethical standards of conduct and financial reporting practices will be explored and nonated in this paper as well. All of these points are important in the accounting practice of health care management to help the organizations guide on smoothly and to be financially stable. Four Elements of Financial ManagementPlanning lets a health care organization set goals and guidelines to make sure their potency is a success and that all accomplishments are met. Controlling is ensuring that all areas within the healthcare organization are happening goals and guidelines set and gives the organization the opportunity to effectuate for some(prenominal) i ssues that may arise. Organizing and directing ensures that the health care organization is working to its potential and allows them to work on a day to day basis and see any issues that may be looming. Lastly, decision making works off all of the other elements (planning, controlling, organizing and directing) by collecting information and making the final decisions on how the financial management will work.General Accepted story PrinciplesThe common set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to compile their financial statements. GAAP are a combination of authoritative standards (set by policy boards) and simply the commonly accepted ways of recording and reporting accounting information (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles , n.d.). tied(p) with GAAP being a set ofstandards, there are still companies that will finagle numbers on their financial statements, so their financial statements will have to be scrutinized tremendously.General Financia l Ethical StandardsEthical standards are determined largely by professional accounting and finance organizations and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Small-business owners who plan to perform their own accounting services or hire accountants should be aware of accounting principles and general financial ethical standards so they female genital organ maintain a positive reputation for their businesses (Morley, n.d.). Competence is one of the ethical standards that is key for a financial officer to uphold in an organization. Financial managers should follow the GAAP and stay up to date with its guidelines. They should also uphold honesty and integrity.Examples of Ethical Standards of ConductEthical standards of conduct is a set of standards that each family sets for themselves. in that location is no consistent standards of conduct for a business, but they must include, promoting values, trust, good behavior, fairness, and kindness. They are not easily enforceable and are always distribute to interpretation. For practice, men and women should be treated equally or treat the patient with respect. Nightingale Home Healthcare code of ethics are direct and descriptive. roughly of their ethical standards of conduct are listed as all business conduct should be well above the minimum standards required by the law, each employee is obligated for the consequences of his or her actions, each employee must be the guardian of Nightingales ethics, leaders at Nightingale have extra responsibility of setting an example by their personal performance and an attitude that conveys Nightingales ethical values, our first responsibility is to the patient and patients families that we provide our services (Corporate Social Responsibility-Code of Ethics , n.d.). There are numerous points of their code of ethics but they serve a purpose and that purpose to make sure their company is ran efficiently and respectfully.Financial Reporting PracticesA distinguishing characteri stic of high performance organizations is a strong internal control structure-controls that ensure patient care,compliance with regulations, internal efficiencies, and financial reporting. It is controls on financial reporting that are receiving a great deal of attention under a new law, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Public companies are now required by law to document controls over financial reporting, in order to fully address exposures and the effectiveness of current controls. Though many healthcare organizations are not directly affected by the law, regulatory agencies could follow suit and require similar compliance. In fact, several states have introduced bills that require nonprofit organizations to adhere to portions of the act. This member provides a guide for organizations desiring to stay ahead of the curve (Godwin Mueller, 2005).SignificanceThe significance of these examples are that there are ethics that charter to be followed within any organization but in a heal thcare organization it is extremely important because you handle patients and to ensure the comfort of these patients, a code of ethics need to be enforced for the organization. It is also important to ensure that financial reporting is done, so all finances stay up to date on a legal manner. It helps to show revenue, liability, and expenses and helps control the business effectively.ReferencesCorporate Social Responsibility-Code of Ethics . (n.d.). Retrieved from Nightingale HomeHealthcare http//www.homecareforyou.com/about/code.htmlGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles . (n.d.). Retrieved from Investopedia http//www.investopedia.com/ ground/g/gaap.aspGodwin, N., Mueller, J. (2005). Fiancial Reporting Practices A Comprehensive Evaluation.School of Accountancy, Auburn University.Morley, M. (n.d.). Accounting Principles and General Financial Ethical Standards . Retrievedfrom Small Business Chronicle http//smallbusiness.chron.com/accounting-principles-general-financial-ethical-st andards-36283.html

Social Media And Its Effects On Society Media Essay

cordial Media And Its Effects On Society Media EssayWhen talking closely Social Media most great(p) deal allow plausibly tho get down at you, having absolutely no idea what youre talking about. A remark able reaction considering that more than a half of these mickle probably give Social Media themselves. Just simply clicking on a tv on Youtube for instance, already makes you part of the huge community that Social media has and you dont even need to be registered By watching a video, it will get more views which will result in a higher view-rate and therefore, the video will gain more popularity and match the eyes of more viewers.Having that said I d be bet that every Internet-user is or has been part of the Social Media community. Yes, even you. Because, admit it, own you ever watched a video on YouTube? So I thought.Social Media is however more than just YouTube. The experience goes such(prenominal)(prenominal) further than simply watching movies on the internet and that is exactly what captivates me. How stand one kind of Media become so huge in such a short time? How is it possible that both companies and private-individuals use the same medium on different ways? And, more grievously, why is it that Social Media is still expanding instead of fading away ilk most of the hypes we live on? Let it be clear Social Media is one big, important and yet complicated format which we know detailed about. Time to dig a little deeperFirst laid low(predicate) start with reasoning the comment of Social Media thoroughly. Only when knowing EXACTLY what it is, well be able to understand what makes it so interesting and vital.Secondly, Ill be digging a bit in the history of Social Media. How did this new medium come to be? Did it just appear out of nowhere or did it take a while before it caught the eyes of the public?Third, Im going to investigate who use Social Media and why? Ill split this indecision in two sub-questions for you Social Media used by private-individuals and Social Media used by wrinklees.Knowing what Social Media is, how it came to be and who use it and why, Ill be able to think of the influence Social Media has on our society. Is loving media genuinely that important, or do technophobias have nothing to fear?After concluding whether Social Media has a big or small influence on our society, Ill look whether I can confirm this conclusion by looking how much is invested in the world of Social Media.Finally, Ill be speculating about the future of Social Media. Will Social Media become vital for every company, or will it just fade away as hype?Welcome to the complicated yet most interesting world of Social Media.What is Social Media?1.1 Social media as definitionSocial media is a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological lay outations of Web 2.0, which leads the creation and exchange of user-generated mental object. Kaplan and Michael Heanlin in Users of the world, u nite The challenges and opportunities of social media, business horizons (2010).In other words, social media is a new medium (it was, arguably, introduced in the second half of the 20th century), that allows mint to globally interact through the media. It is a joint term for all the internet-applications that enable us to sh argon and discuss data, not b bely in the form of text, exclusively also through sound and video. further since social media is a collective term, you probably custom take my brief description for granted. You want to know the different forms that social media has and where they atomic number 18 to be found on the web.Take a seat. This may take a while.So, social media knows six different forms communication, quislingism, multimedia, review and flavors, flirt withment and brand monitoring. I will discuss each and every one of them.Communication is currently the biggest form of social media. Three very important aspects of communication ar blogs, micr o blogs and social networks. Youve probably heard of them.Blogs are websites, or parts of websites, where people can write articles, columns, reviews, etc. Blogs are usually aimed at a specific subject. Basically, there are two types of blogs commercial blogs and non-commercial blogs. Commercial blogs are in the main used by companies (doh) for a variety of reasons (for instance promoting their increase or getting to know the customer), but also by people who similar to write, professionally, about sealed subjects.Non-commercial blogs are mainly used by private-individuals, like you and me. These blogs usually define themselves as blogs write due to boredom. Usually, I said.A couple of known blogs are WordPress, Bloggers.com and Open-Diary.Micro blogs are basically the same as normal blogs only they are much smaller. Micro blogs contain fewer characters and arent always aimed at a specific subject. Micro blogs are an excellent way for companies to make small announcements. Jus t like normal blogs, there are two different kinds of users (businesses and private-individuals, remember?) using the micro blogs. Known micro blogs are Twitter, Tumblr and FML (Fuck My Life).Social networks is arguably the most important component of social media (thank you, Facebook). A social network is a big networking site where people can communicate with each other and share cultivation. In a social network you represent yourself using a profile picture and by writing down a biography. That way, it is easy to locate people with the same interests which can result in an online friendship. The problem that this feature however brings is that the accessibility of social networks can also be namen as an invitation for perverts. Social networks are an easy way for perverts to hide their true identity and gain the trust of good-willed girls. And for that very reason, I dont blame parents for worrying sick when their children are uploading new photos on Facebook or other social ne tworks. Undoubtedly, social networks are something to be careful with.Luckily, social networks, just like any other form of media, mostly keep going the option to set your private status to friends only, or to restrict certain areas of your Facebook for unwanted visitors. Its a great way to make your photos pervert-free.Communication however doesnt only consist of these three aspects, but also contains location-based social networks, events, information aggregators and online advocacy and fundraising.Location-based social networks are social networks that aim at geography. People can channelise where they are, when they are there and why they are there, which will all be shown on a big map. That way you will be able to see where your friends are and you to notify them about your current location.The events section looks, in one way, very much like the location-based networks. It also relies on a map, only in this case the map indicates where and when events are held, together with more additional information such as who are performing, what kind of an event it is and the ticket fee. Its a great way to stay up-to-date about your favorite artists and to not miss any appealing shows.Social media is used by more than 50% of the American population, and for that very reason it should come to no surprise that there are lots of different sites with reference to social media and they are all very crowded. Amongst the super acid social media users there are celebrities, publishers and developers writing their thoughts down and making announcements. Social media is a huge center of information and it didnt take long till information aggregators were introduced to the market. Information aggregators are sites with big, huge dashboards that gather information from all social networks.The last part that communication knows is advocacy and fundraising. I believe AF is a preferably peculiar element of communication, because its usually integrated in other social media (m ostly social networks). The main goal of AF companies is to raise as much money as they can for charity. They do this by advertising on other sites and by striking up partnerships. in particular live broadcasting sites such as BlogTV and Stickam seduce AF companies.Where communication specializes in a belonging community, collaboration is recognized for its involvement with other sites sites that fall under the collaboration family usually gather information from other sources.The six aspects of collaboration are wikis, social bookmarking, social watchword program, social navigation, content management systems and document managing and editing tools.Wikis are a perfect grammatical case of sites gathering information from other sources. Take a look at the end of a Wikipedia page and you are high likely to see a list full or sources. For instance, when looking up social media the most famous wiki Wikipedia, gives me thisWikis are generally known for their reliability because the y make use of the cognition management system, meaning that every user can contribute to the site by creating and editing articles. That results in a huge database.Another social database that collaboration knows is social bookmarking. Social bookmarking collects links of all kinds of sites and then categorizes them. Users are able to rate (or as I like to call it digg) and share the links. That way people can easily find good, reliable sites that fit their interests.Known social bookmark sites are Stumbleupon, Delicious and Google Reader.Social News looks a bit like social bookmarking it also works with a rating system. Unlike professional news sites however, people write their own news on social news sites. Readers have the ability to vote on articles deciding what is important and what isnt. Social news sites are obviously a magnet for information aggregators. For them its like cleanup spot two birds with one stone social news sites contain a lot of information and the community already picks their favorite articles.Known social news sites are Digg, Newvine and Reddit.Social navigation, content management systems and document managing and editing tools are the lesser known social media components of collaboration, which comes quite a bit to my surprise because social navigation and content management systems can genuinely come in quite get hold ofy.Social navigation, for instance, provides information about the public transport, and content management systems is a software-application that simplifies the complicated code-language of the internet for common users like you and me.In the case of social navigation, Im guessing that mobile phones and global positioning systems are preferred by todays customers because these are more frequently used in vehicles.I dont blame Document managing and editing tools for being little popular though. They are online (free) writing tools and also allow users to share their documents with the Interwebs, but why would any one want to share their articles randomly with these tools on the internet? Most of the articles that are publish on the internet are published not through document managing and editing tools but through own websites. The documents are usually written in Word.Multimedia is a term you have probably already heard of. It is generally favored by the youth. Multimedia can be divided in five aspects photography and art sharing, video sharing, live casting, music and audio sharing and presentation sharing.Its very common for multimedia sites to be used for other kinds of social media. Think of it multimedia sites are perfect databases to store your pictures and videos because they can easily be linked in your articles thanks to embedded codes.Though the names already give away where the aspects actually function for, I have decided to explain them anyhow. As you probably have already noticed, I like being as thorough as possible.Photography and art sharing are, as the name already says, sites where people can share pictures. They serve as a great way for people to save (and optionally share) their photos and find other photos. Since (mainly) blogs dont have a lot of space, photography and art sharing sites are very popular places for bloggers to upload their pictures on. They wont be bothered with the limited space problem and wont risk the chance of having the original photo removed so that only a unawares link will remain.Video sharing basically have the same principal as PAs only do they specialize in videos except for pictures. Especially Youtube is a very important component of the video sharing aspect. Video sharing is used by both private-individuals and businesses. Private-individuals use video sharing mainly as entertainment, but also as outlet or gateway to show their own talents.Businesses use video sharing for promotion by uploading videos about their brand (mostly funny commercials or trailers).Remarkable is that most live casting users are also prett y popular on video sharing sites such as Youtube. Many famous Youtubers (like Davedays, Shanedawson, Zushoo, Creepjeepers) are featured on Stickam and BlogTV (two of the biggest live casting sites). Apart from their scripted shows they sometimes like to just randomly entertain fans on liveshows.Live casting is also often used as live streaming device for important shows. If people cant attend certain events for any reason, they will be able to follow it live at home.Music and audio sharing is an aspect of collaboration that specializes in sounds. On these sites, users are able to customize their own playlists and check out other playlists. It is a popular concept for radio broadcasts because their audience are most likely music fans and appeal to this market.Presentation sharing is mainly used by companies. Sharing presentations is a great way to take information up in an synergetic way. Especially for teachers, presentation sharing can come in handy. Its a great way to reach the m odern generation of students and still educational.Despite the fact that most people write reviews and opinions on blogs, there are still a couple of sites fully dedicated to the reviews and opinions category. The RO category has but three aspects product reviews, business reviews and community question answer.Lets start with the beginning product reviews are sites where the community can give their opinion on certain products. Its a really nice way for people to know what product to buy and what not. Business reviews are practically the same as product reviews, only they dont contain the opinion about products, but about companies. Is the service any good? Are they reliable? Etc.The problem with business and product reviews however, is that questions HAVE to be business/product related meaning that if you have any other questions, you have nowhere to turn. Thats where the community question and answer comes in. Community QA sites are sites where people can ask whatever they want and the community will answer. YahooAnswers is a well-known QA site.As Ive already said, entertainment is very popular with todays generation. The entertainment category consists of media and entertainment platforms, virtual worlds and game sharing.Media and entertainment platforms is probably the least popular form of social media from all kinds of social media we have, because they play mostly behind the scenes. They are used by older companies who arent yet integrated in the modern society and allow them to digitalize their products/marketing strategies.Virtual Worlds on the other hand are pretty popular and used by a large amount of youngster. Virtual Worlds are basically online games like World of Warcraft, the Sims Online and Second Life. Players are able to create an imaginative character and play in a fictional world, where they can meet other people.But hold on a minute, you might think. If online games are part of the virtual worlds, then why is there another subcategory n amed shared games?That is, because shared games support browser-based games instead of downloadable programs. Shared games are usually simple flash-games, made by the community, and all playable on one big site. Virtual games, on the other hand, are usually huge, downloadable, professional games and its creators will dedicate themselves towards one game.At last, we have arrived at the last category brand monitoring. Brand monitoring knows only one form, which is social media measuring. Social media measurement is an indicator that provides information about the internet traffic. Companies use it in order to get a good insight in their costumers where are they from, how old are they and what are their interests?Its a great way to get to know the customer I think.So, that was chapter 1.1 the definition of social media and honestly, I wonder whether you still know what content managing systems are without looking it back up. Its a whole lot of information, I admit, but necessary infor mation all the same. All I have do now is given you a good idea of what social media is and what we count under social media.

The Rite Of Nokan Or The Encoffinment Religion Essay

The Rite Of Nokan Or The Encoffinment Religion EssayThe sacrament of Nokan or the encoffinment where the corpse was placed in a casket during the funeral. tralatitiously, the ceremony was to unbosom the family of their grief by cleansing the d.o.a. of all his worldly suffering, while hoping they would deplete a better life in the afterlife. The specialist handled all the needful requirements for ease of passage into the afterlife.In early times there were two main traditions practiced Shinto and Buddhist traditions. According to Shinto traditions, the dead as healthful as the family unit from which he/she came from were considered to be unclean and impure therefore the corpse had to be washed for purification.Traditional Japanese believed that the dead individuals individual remained impure for some period following expiration before purification through memorials done by the relatives of the dead thereafter the soul was deindividuated into an ancestor god or goddess. Trad itional Japanese opinion that dead people are impure is based on the Kojiki myth, where maggots came out of the rotting body of a god. Traditionally burial gowns were also considered garments for travelling that prepared the dead when travelling to the otherwise world.The encoffinment rite was done by the family members as death was unclean. In modern times, in keeping with this rite, family members wipe the corpse clean with a cotton cloth dipped in alcohol with the assistance funeral specialists.Traditionally Japanese funerals were to serve as prayers for the deceased persons soul while also serving as the familys time for public mourning as it was meant to keep their loved one in their memories.typically a Japanese funeral follows the sequence when someone dies, they are placed to rest in their homes. The corpse was placed with the head pointing the North, copying the deathbed of Gautama, and the head of the bed is well decorated. Then the previously mentioned encoffinment proce ss. The first night after ones death is called the Tsuya and it is for close family and friends to remember their beloved. In the morning, a cleansing meal is served called Okiyome. The funeral is thereafter carried out where the Jukai rite also known as receipt of commandments gives the dead an opportunity to receive the Buddhist commandments, automatically making the dead a disciple of the Buddha, and the dead person is accepted into Buddha hood.After all this, the deceased embarks on the journey to the other world as the coffin is carried out of the house and burnt in a crematorium to ashes.Presently about 99% Japanese are cremated while only about 1% are interred. These changes in preference on the rule of sending off the dead have been brought about by the Countrys main religion, changes in dwelling environments and changes in technologies. During the high-growth era of the 1970s, cremation became popular outside of metropolitan areas and crematoriums were built in several pl aces as a matter of national requirement.VIEWS HELD BY JAPANESE ON CORPSESGenerally the elderly Japanese do not observe the body and soul as a duality, that is flesh and spirit. The corpse is considered a very important part and if funeral rites are not carried out, the deceaseds soul will not be mourned. It is very important that the corpse is attended to and the death is mourned by as many people as possible. Additionally the corpse must be well taken care of until all rites have been carried out. The body is not just considered a vehicle or an object or a strap for the soul but it is considered an entity with a will, hopes and rights therefore the family has a responsibility to care for them, respect them and accord them a befitting farewell..CONTINUATION OF LIFE AND DEATHThe Japanese considered death a passageway leading to the continuation of death and life.The Japanese held contradicting ideas concerning the dead. Even though they wish for and hope that the dead resurrect, t hey live in headache of the spirit and the possible return of the dead founded on the Shintoist principle of impurity, as explained earlier on in the funeral rites. They believe impurity is transmissible and on the table and that, a house that experienced a death and even those involved in handling the corpse are also impure. Therefore Japanese funerals have a combination of rites to reaffirming death, protect the dead, and prevent bad luck and curses and prevent the dead from resurrecting. Some practices invoke the spirit of the dead from having a feeling of propensity which include Ichizen-meshi a single bowl of rice given to the dead and Matsugo-no-mizu which is urine given to the dead at the time of death. There are other contrasting customs like the Sakasa-buton or upside-down futon, whereby the dead persons blanket is placed facing upside-down, and the Sakasa-byobu or upside-down plica of the dead ones screen, where a folding screen is placed upside-down on top of the he ad of the deceaseds bed, and Sakasa-mizu or upside-down water, where the water for cleaning the corpse is prepared by adding hot water into cold water rather than pouring cold water into hot water as normal. All this is done with the primary aim of separating the scary touch of death from peoples day to day lives and also to prevent pulling others in to death.Other customs were also used traditionally to make it impossible for the at rest(p) soul to remain in this life or to make an attempt to return to this life. They included making burial gowns without closed stitches or backstitches , and the practice of crook the coffin three times when taking it out of the house which was done in order to confuse the deceased preventing them from ever coming back home. too the deceaseds bowl of rice is shattered, and the deceased exits the house through an exit that is not the front door. Throwing of salt is also another practice aimed to remove the uncleanness and impurity brought about b y the death. Up to now, there is the Kichu custom a 49-day mourning and grieving period, during which the family does not attend any festivities. During this period, since the family was made unclean by the death it is shunned and avoided. There is also Mochu which is a one-year period. A time when the family mourns the death of their member and remembers the departed.ConclusionIn conclusion we have discussed in this assignment how traditional Japanese viewed death their traditions and their myths concerning death and all the elaborate preparations they carried out when sending off their dead relatives. Why and how all the rites were practiced. How the deceaseds family had a responsibility to give the dead a befitting burial and respect them because it was assumed that the dead retained their individuality as they had it before their deaths. The idea and belief that death is a station led to a continuation and made it possible for communication between the old and the dead.

Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey

selective information entrepot in Big data Context A SurveyData storage in Big Data Context A SurveyA.ELomari, A.MAIZATE*, L.HassouniRITM-ESTC / CED-ENSEM, University Hassan IIAbstract- As entropy volumes to be emergenceed in all domains scientific, professional, social etc., argon increasing at a high speed, their management and storage raises more and more challenges. The emergence of highly scalable infrastructures has contri onlyed to the evolution of storage management technologies. However, numerous problems have emerged such(prenominal)(prenominal) as consistency and availability of data, scalability of environments or yet the competitive glide path to data. The objective of this paper is to review, discuss and comp atomic number 18 the main characteristics of some major technological orientations alive on the market, such as Google File brass (GFS) and IBM General Parallel File musical arrangement (GPFS) or yet on the open source strategys such as Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), Blobseer and Andrew File System (AFS), in dedicate to understand the needs and constraints that led to these orientations. For distributively case, we volition discuss a peg down of major problems of big data storage management, and how they were addressed in order to provide the best storage services.IntroductionTodays, the amount of data generated during a item-by-item day may exceed the amount of information contained in all printed materials all over the world. This quantity far exceeds what scientists have imagined there are provided a few decades. Internet Data Center (IDC) estimated that amongst 2005 and 2020, the digital universe will be multiplied by a factor of 300, so it will pass from 130 Exabyte to 40,000 Exabyte, the equivalent of more than 5,200 gigabytes for each person in 2020 i.The tralatitious forms such as centralized ne 2rk-based storage carcasss (client-server) or the traditional distributed systems such as NFS, are no longer able to respond to new requirements in terms of volume of data, high performance, and evolution capacities. And besides their cost, a variety of technical constraints are raised, such as data replication, continuity of services etc. In this paper, we try to discuss a set of technologies apply in the market and that we think the most relevant and representative of the state of the art in the battleground of distributed storage systems.What is Distributed File systems (DFS)A distributed file system (DFS) is a system that allows multiple usagers to access, through the network, a file structure residing on one or more remote machines (File Servers) using a alike(p) semantics to that utilize to access the local file system. This is a client / server architecture where data is distributed across multiple storage spaces usually called nodes. These nodes consist of a angiotensin converting enzyme or a pocket-sized number of physical storage disks residing usually in basic equipment, confi gured to only provide storage services. As such, the material cigaret be relatively low cost.As the material used is generally inexpensive and by long quantities, failures become unavoidable. Nevertheless, these systems are designed to be tolerant to failure by having recourse to data replication which makes the loss of one node an event of minimal emergency because data is always recoverable, often automatically, without any performance degradation.A. Andrew File System(AFS) architectureAFS (or OpenAFS currently) is a standard distributed file system originally positive by Carnegie Mellon University. It is supported and developed as a product by Transarc Corporation (now IBM Pittsburgh Labs). It offers a client-server architecture for federated file sharing and distribution of replicated read-only content ii.AFS offers many improvements over traditional systems. In particular, it provides the independence of the storage from location, guarantees system scalability and transpare nt migration capabilities.As shown in sort 1, the distribution of processes in AFS can be summarized as follows A process called Vice is the horse sense of information sharing in the system it consists of a set of dedicate file servers and a complex LAN. A process called Venus runs on each client workstation it mediates access to shared files iii.Figure 1 AFS Design.AFS logic assumes the following hypothesis ivShared files are rarely updated and local user files will remain valid for long periods.An allocation of a large enough local disk cache, for example 100 MB, can keep all users files. using the client cache may actually be a good compromise to system performance, but it will only be effective if the assumptions espouse by AFS designers are respected, otherwise this can make a huge issue for data integrity.B. Google File System (GFS) architectureAnother interesting prelude is that proposed by GFS, which is not using special cache at all.GFS is a distributed file system d eveloped by Google for its own applications. Google GFS system (GFS cluster) consists of a unity master and multiple ballockservers (nodes) and is accessed by multiple clients, as shown in Figure 2 v.Each of these nodes is typically a Linux machine running a server process at a user level.Figure 2 GFS DesignThe files to be stored are divided into pieces of fixed size called chunks. The Chunkservers store chunks on local disks as Linux files. The master maintains all metadata of the file system. The GFS client code uses an application programming interface (API) to interact with the master regarding transactions related to metadata, but all communication theory relating to the data themselves goes directly to Chunkservers.Unlike AFS, neither the client nor the Chunkserver use a dedicated cache. Customers caches, according to Google, offer little benefit because most applications use large which are too big to be cached. On the other hand, using a single master can drive to a const riction situation. Google has well-tried to reduce the impact of this weak point by replicating the master on multiple copies called shadows which can be accessed in read-only even if the master is down.C. Blobseer architectureBlobseer is a project of KerData team, INRIA Rennes, Brittany, Francevi. The Blobseer system consists of distributed processes (Figure 3), which communicate through remote procedure calls (RPC). A physical node can run one or more processes and can play several roles at the same clipping.Figure 3 Blobseer DesignUnlike Google GFS, Blobseer do not centralize access to metadata on a single machine, so that the risk of bottleneck situation of this type of node is eliminated. Also, this feature allows load balancing the workload across multiple nodes in parallel.D. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a component of Apach Hadoop project vii. HDFS is highly fault-tolerant and is designed to be deployed on low-cost hard ware.As shown in figure 4, HDFS stores file system metadata and application data separately. As in other distributed file systems, HDFS stores metadata on a dedicated server, called the NameNode. Application data are stored on other servers called DataNodes viii.Figure 4 HDFS DesignThere is one NameNode per cluster and it makes all decisions regarding replication of blocks ix.Data Storage as blobThe architecture of a distributed storage system must take into consideration how files are stored on disks. One smart way to make this possible is to organize these data as objects of considerable size. such(prenominal) objects, called Binary Large Objects ( recognizes), consist of long sequences of bytes representing unstructured data and can provide the basis for a transparent data sharing of large-scale. A BLOB can usually reach sizes of 1 Tera Byte (TB).Using BLOBs offers two main advantagesThe Scalability Maintaining a small set of huge BLOBs including billions of small items is much e asier than directly managing billions of small ones. The simple mapping between the application data and file names can be a big problem compared to the case where the data are stored in the same BLOB and that only their offsets must be maintained.The Transparency A data management system based on shared BLOBs, uniquely identifiable through ids, relieves application developers of the burden of explicit management and transfer of their locations on the codes. The system thus offers an intermediate layer that masks the complexity of access to data wherever it is stored physically x.Data stripeData striping is a well-known technique for increasing the data access performances. Each BLOB or file is divided into small pieces that are distributed across multiple machines on the storage system. Thus, requests for access to data may be distributed over multiple machines in parallel way, allowing achieving high performances.Two factors must be considered in order to maximize the benefits of this techniqueConfigurable strategy of distribution of chunks Distribution strategy specifies where to store the chunks to achieve a predefined goal. For example, load balancing is one of the goals that such strategy can allow.Dynamic configuration of the size of the chunks If the chunks size is too small, applications would have to retrieve the data to be processed from several chunks. On the other hand, the use of too large chunks will complicate concurrent access to data because of the increasing probability that two applications require access to two different data but both stored on the same chunk.A lot of systems that use this type of architecture, such as GFS and Blobseer use a 64 MB sized chunks, which seems to be the most optimised size for those two criteria.concurrencyProcessing concurrency is very dependent on the nature of the sought after data processing and of the nature of data changes. For example, Haystack system that manages Facebook pictures which never chang es xi, will be different from Google GFS or IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) which are managing a more dynamic data.The lock method is used by many DFS to manage concurrency and IBM GPFS has developed a more effective apparatus that allows locking a byte range instead of whole files/blocks (Byte Range Locking) xii.GFS meanwhile, offers a relaxed consistency model that supports Google highly distributed applications, but still relatively simple to implement.Blobseer developed a more sophisticated technique, which theoretically gives better results. The snapshot approach using versioning that Blobseer brings is an effective way to meet the main objectives of maximizing competitive access xiii. The disadvantage of such a mechanism based on snapshots, is that it can easily explode the required physical storage space. However, although each write or append generates a new version of the blob snapshot, only the differential updates from previous versions are physically stored.DFS BenchmarkAs we have detailed in this article, generally there is no better or worse methods for technical or technological choices to be adopted to make the best of a DFS, but rather compromises that have to be managed to meet very specific objectives.In Table 2, we compare five distributed file systems GFS, GPFS, HDFS, AFS and Blobseer. Choosing to compare only those specific systems disdain the fact that the market includes dozens of technologies is led particularly by two points1. It is technically difficult to study all systems in the market in order to know their technical specifications, especially as several of them are proprietary and closed systems. Even more, the techniques are similar in several cases and are comparable with(predicate) to those of the five we compared.2. Those five systems allow making a clear idea about the DFS state of the art thanks to the following particularitiesGFS is a system used internally by Google, which manage huge quantities of data because of its activities.GPFS is a system developed and commercialized by IBM, a global leader in the field of Big DataHDFS is a subproject of HADOOP, a very popular Big Data systemBlobseer is an open source initiative, particularly driven by research as it is maintained by INRIA Rennes.AFS is a system that can be considered as a bridge between conventional systems such as NFS and ripe distributed storage systems.In Table 2, we compare the implementation of some key technologies in those five systems. summary of the results of Table 2 leads to the following conclusions The five systems are expandable in data storage. Thus, they cover one of the principal issues that lead to the emergence of Distribute File System. Only Blobseer and GPFS offer the extensibility of metadata management to overcome the bottleneck problem of the master machine, which manage the access to metadata. Except AFS, all studied systems are natively tolerant to crash, relying essentially on multiple replications of data. To minimize the lag caused by locking the whole file, GPFS manage locks on specific areas of the file (Byte range locks). But the most innovative method is the use of versioning and snapshots by Blobseer to allow simultaneous changes without exclusivity. Except AFS, all systems are using the striping of data. As discussed earlier this technique provides a higher input / output performance by striping blocks of data from individual files over multiple machines. Blobseer seems to be the only one among the systems studied that implements the storage on blobs technique, despite the apparent advantages of such technique. To allow a better scalability, a DFS system must support as much operating systems as possible. But while AFS, HDFS and GPFS supports multiple platforms, GFS and Blobseer run exclusively on Linux, this can be explained partly by the commercial background of AFS, HDFS and GPFS. Using a dedicated cache is also a point of disagreement between systems. GFS and Blobse er consider that the cache has no real benefits, but rather causes many consistency issues. AFS and GPFS uses dedicated cache on both client computers and servers. HDFS seems to use dedicated cache only at client level.ConclusionIn this paper, we reviewed some specifications of distributed file storage systems. It is clear from this analysis that the major common concern of such systems is scalability. A DFS should be extendable with the minimum cost and effort.In addition, data availability and fault tolerance remains among the major concerns of DFS. Many systems tend to use non expensive hardware for storage. Such condition will expose those systems to frequent or usual breakdowns.To these mechanisms, data striping and lock mechanisms are added to manage and optimize concurrent access to the data. Also, Working on multiples operating systems can bring big advantages to any of those DFS.None of these systems can be considered as the best DFS in the market, but rather each of them i s excellent in the scope that it was designed for.Table 2 Comparative table of most important characteristics of distributed file storageGFS by GoogleGPFS IBMHDFSBlobseerAFS (OPEN FS)Data ScalabilityYESYESYESYESYESMeta Data ScalabilityNOYESNOYESNOFault toleranceFast Recovery.Chunk Replication.Master Replication.Clustering features. Synchronous and asynchronous data replication.Block Replication.Secondary NameNode.Chunk ReplicationMeta data replicationNOData access ConcurrencyOptimized for concurrent appendsDistributed byte range lockingFiles have strictly one writer at any timeYESByte-range file lockingMeta Data access ConcurrencyMaster shadows on read onlyCentralizedmanagementNOYESNOSnapshotsYESYESYESYESNOVersioningYESunknownNOYESNOData Striping64 MB ChunksYESYES (Data blocks of 64 MB)64 MB ChunksNOStorage as BlobsNONONOYESNOSupported OSLINUXAIX, Red Hat, SUSE , Debian Linux distributions, Windows Server 2008Linux and Windows supported , BSD, Mac OS/X, Open Solaris known to workLIN UXAIX, Mac OS X, Darwin, HP-UX, Irix, Solaris, Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, NetBSD OpenBSDDedicated cacheNOYES by AFM applied scienceYES (Client)NOYES John Gantz and David Reinsel. THE DIGITAL UNIVERSE IN 2020 Big Data, Bigger Digital Shadows, and Biggest Growth in the Far East. Tech. rep. Internet Data Center(IDC), 2012.2 OpenAfs www.openafs.org/3 Monali Mavani Comparative Analysis of Andrew Files System and Hadoop Distributed File System, 2013.4 Stefan Leue Distributed Systems Fall, 20015 Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff, and Shun-Tak Leung Google* The Google File System.6 Blobseer blobseer.gforge.inria.fr/7 Hadoop hadoop.apache.org/8 Konstantin Shvachko, Hairong Kuang, Sanjay Radia, Robert Chansler Yahoo The Hadoop Distributed File System, 2010.9 Dhruba Borthakur HDFS Architecture Guide, 2008.0 Bogdan Nicolae, Gabriel Antoniu, Luc Boug_e, Diana Moise, Alexandra, Carpen-Amarie BlobSeer Next Generation Data Management for Large Scale Infrastructures, 2010.1 Doug Beaver, Sanjeev Kumar, Harry C. Li, Jason Sobel, Peter Vajgel, Facebook Inc purpose a needle in Haystack Facebooks photo storage,2 Scott Fadden, An Introduction to GPFS Version 3.5, Technologies that enable the management of big data, 2012.3 Bogdan Nicolae,Diana Moise, Gabriel Antoniu,Luc Bouge, Matthieu Dorier BlobSeer Bringing High Throughput under Heavy Concurrency to Hadoop Map-Reduce Applications, 2010.

Aristotles Rhetoric and the Ethics of Modern Advertising Essay

Aristotles Rhetoric outlines the three main purposes of rhetoric as semipolitical, legal, and ceremonial. Persuasion is the main conduct of all three of the main venues for rhetoric. Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion (Aristotle 22). Rhetoric can also be seen as a primer to explain the methods of persuasion used in modern- twenty-four hours commercials and advertisements. objet dart the classic methods of effecting persuasion are pertinent to our determineing of how different forms of advertising work, on that point are also a host of modern day techniques that micturate changed the landscape of rhetoric. Namely, what has changed is three-fold. First, modern-day advertising has a much more visual delivery. Second, traditional oratory is rarely used in modern day commercials. Finally, there is a departure from what Aristotle would say is ethical within the rhetoric of the modern day. Advertising is at tempting to sell you something. Unlike in the time of Aristotle, we live in a capitalist society where most rhetorical methodology is designed to produce a specific action from the audience to purchase an item, not simply to march on an argument. The duty of oratory has changed from the Aristotelian definition. We can then ask, what can we learn from the rhetorical devices of Aristotle in responding to todays advertisements and commercials?However broad these changes may seem to the modern day audience, it is important to 2show how the classical methodology of effecting persuasion is relevant today. Aristotle states the three means of effecting persuasion are (1) to reason logically, (2) to understand human nature and goodness in various forms, and (3) to understand ... ...nd logos are used by ad-writers in an attempt to persuade them, the public can look understandably at the underlying purpose of the advertisement. As Corbett and Connors point out, a knowledge of rhetoric can help us to respond critically and appreciatively to advertisements, commercials, political messages, satires, irony, and double-speak of all varieties (25). A close reading of Rhetoric and other forms of ancient rhetoric can be beneficial to a student who wishes to truly understand how advertising and commercials work. The ability to wade through advertising that only offers a mild truth, or worse yet a lie, has become a corking attribute associated with post-modern American thinking. After a careful study of Rhetorics past, we as Americans may be able to discern truth from propaganda, need instead of want, and detail from fiction.

Television Violence Essay -- Media TV Violent Essays

Television force play The media is everywhere in our lives. From billboards to SMS text messaging on cell phones, we cannot unhorse the media and its impact on daily life. Of the many impacts, television violence and the influence it has on youth is one of the most debated topics. Many experts, including some from the University of California, Santa Barbra, say that the amount and type of violence viewed results in violent actions performed by youth of all ages and violence continually affects them throughout their lives. Others are more skeptical and argue that the media is not the sole cause of youth violence they believe that there are many other factors that contribute to the violent behaviors of youth. They see the condition more as a mixture of different situations that cause violence in youth, violence on television being just one of the factors. However, both sides of the disceptation reckon that each individual is a separate situation and reacts differently to the viole nce visualized. This essay will inform the reader of the claims both sides formulate to defend their argument and allow the reader to determine their own conclusion.Many studies over the past seven years have sought to prove that television and the violence portrayed does have a direct influence on youth and how they will deal with situations in real life. Out of the many studies, one of the most concrete and convincing is the National Television Violence Study (or NTVS) conducted by University of California Santa Barbra, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, University of Texas at Austin and the University of Wisconsin Madison. This study observes not only the solvent of youth to various types of content but also observed the response of th... ...Media violence Exposure and Content. Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http//www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4bsec2.htmlTelevisionFilmNational Television Violence Study, ed. Federman. 3rd ed. molar conc entration Oaks, CA Sage Publications, Inc, 1998The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1999, April). Children and TV Violence. Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http//www.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/VIOLENCE.HTMYouth Violence A Report of the Surgeon General. (Unknown). Appendix4b Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http//www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4b.htmlYouth Violence A Report of the Surgeon General. (Unknown) Media violence Exposure and Content. Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http//www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4bsec2.htmlTelevisionFilm